Research Proposal On Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

Research Proposal On Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay This research paper explores the issue of global warming and the shifting attention that the skeptics are receiving in the recent past. This paper focuses on the global warming as defined by the scientists and the skeptics point of views in the debate. The skeptics of global warming are attracting attention from the public while gaining a respect from the climate scientists. Despite the skeptics calling for a sharp role back to political and industrial sources thought to contribute to global warming the climate scientist are playing defensive and are not backing down either. The increased momentum in the shifting of the public views over the past years have led to controversy over whether global warming is real or not and whether human activities really contribute to its occurrence. research ha shown that the acts of skeptics of global warming is changing the view that people have on the issue regarding global warming and increasing number of individuals are a strong to believe on th ese skeptics and it might lead to compromised efforts in curbing the menace. This research will provide and in-depth analysis of both the scientific and the skeptical views regarding the causes and effects of global warming on the planet earth and the survival. It will focus on the views of various skeptics that seem to be shaping the thoughts of the public which play a critical role in preventing further global warming. In addition to that the result of this research will help the environmental scientists to strategize on dealing with the skeptic ideas which jeopardize the efforts being put into curbing the causes of the global warming for instance in terms of public education. Finally the research will yield information on whether the global warming is really caused by human activities as climate scientist claim or its just a fallacy as claimed by the skeptics. Literature Review Global warming is described by climate scientist as a phenomenon that contributes to increase of temperature which is near the earth surface as well as in the oceans which started in the mid-twentieth century and its has been projected to be a continuing process. Assessment done by intergovernmental panel on climate change has shown that global service temperatures has been increasing and its attribute to various reasons which include: increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases which are caused by the human activities like the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation (Mintzer, 129). The green house gases; nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor, which traps the heat and like from the sun in the earth atmosphere which in turn serve to increase the temperatures which affects humans, animals and plants. Interruptions resulting from climate change when tolerance level of the living organisms is exceeded leads to death e.g. extreme high and low temperatures causes ex tinction of less tolerant species. Global warming as been argued to result to a rise in the global temperatures which in turn leads to a rise in the sea level as well as altered patterns of precipitation thus expansion of the subtropical deserts. In addition to that the change lad to retreating of the glaciers, sea ice and the permafrost in the polar regions, increase of extreme weather events like cyclones, erratic rainfall and dry spells, extinction of species and changes in the agricultural yields hence affecting human survival. Finally the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to more acidic oceans a phenomenon predicted by climate scientists to continue. Projections derived from climate models indicate that the global surface temperature is going to rise further during the 21st century. These projections are marred with uncertainties as estimates from these models were obtained from models with differing sensitivities to greenhouse gas concentrations and use of varying estimates of the future concentrations of greenhouse emissions. The climate scientist have a consensus that anthropogenic global warming is an occurring phenomenon but the political as well as the public debate rages on whether that consensus is actually true or false. This debate has been in the recent past intensified by the increasing skeptics of the global warming who have gradually changed the scientific perception of the public on the issue of the global warming. Many people in the world question whether global warming realty exist or not and if it does exist, what are the reasons of its existence. But the fact is that there has been an increase in the surface temperature of the earth in the past century from 0.45 to 0.6 and believers of the global warming belief that its the warming is a proof of tits existence but skeptics believe that the warming is just a natural phenomenon and it should pose no worry at all. The debate takes a very interesting angle as both skeptics of the global warming and its believers have a valid scientific data t hat proofs the justification of each side of belief. Skeptics of the global warming have a belief that global warming is not an environment problem and think that the recent increase in the earths temperatures does not causes any alarm. In addition to that skeptics of global warming also belief that the earths polar caps and coastlines does not show any signs of disappearing in the near future. They have a strong believe that the models that climate scientist use to proof the occurrence of global warming and predict its effects are misrepresented and go further to argue that the models prediction showed that the effects of global warming was to more adverse in the last century than t actually was. Skeptics also argue that temperate increases has been occurring and fluctuations are widespread through out time even before the widespread emissions of the carbon dioxide that climate scientists link to be the root cause of global warming. Skeptics of the global warming argue that the models sued to predict effects of global warming are entirely based on facts hence ca not be trusted. Some believed that climate change is part and parcel of the planets cycle which has taken place before. Bellamy states that the sun is growing old and is becoming warm than before, its spots do affect the earth by warming it up and subsequently the atmosphere. Other natural activities or rather processes deemed to cause global warming include out gassing, solar radiation, microbial activities, variation in sea salinity are much responsible for global warming while anthropogenic impacts are negligible. Nicola summarizes all these by saying, At least 60% of warming the earth observed from 1970 seems to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In addition, skeptics of global warming are of the opinion that the projections about global climate are likely to be inaccurate due to inadequate of current models about global climate changes, although it is not stated whether or not the values are high or low. According to Richard, (11 and 12) he holds that there have been an increase in average surface temperature, increase in carbon dioxide level which is a greenhouse gas with the potential of warming up the earth, but he further said that we cannot confidently coin the past change in climate to carbon dioxide and similarly, we are not capable of predicting future climatic conditions. The argument here is that if the increase in carbon dioxide emission warms the earth, at present, the earth could have been warmer. The same is echoed by Garth who said incase there is an increase in emission of the gas so that it is large enough to be recognized, it is not yet fully accounted for/answered. Skeptics of the phenomenon, global climate change, have challenged these view held by the majority on the basis of the following that global warming that stimulates GCC is actually not taking place, the causes of global warming is purely a natural process and man has not played any part and if yes the impacts are negligible, some say that the causes of the phenomenon is not known, the negative implications of global warming are few compared to the perceived accrued benefits, and the accuracy of instrument used to project issues relating to climate are deemed questionable. Despite these two contradiction opinion about global warming, those on both sides opt to carry out more studies in order to substantiate their claims and facts. For instance, it is important to correlate carbon dioxide emission and global warming as well as developing global climate change models that are of fewer errors (Nikkhah, 96). Although there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have risen in the recent past, there are those who are of the opinion that global climate change is not as serious as the way it has been put. The accounted causes of global warming among others include; high solar intensity that keeps increasing, oceanic circulation cycles, biosphere impacts, change in ultraviolet radiation, volcanism, reflectivity, variation on earth rotation, changes in solar systematic, change in galaxy positions and anthropogenic effects. The effects of the phenomenon being rise in the sea level, melting of arctic sea ice, rise in sea-surface temperatures, melting of glaciers and permafrost, prevalence of heavy down pour leading to flooding, desertification due to extreme drought conditions, increase in average surface temperature which affects human health, increase in strength and frequency of hurricanes, increase in frequency of heat waves and acidification of sea water as well as chan ge in ecosystem. Research methodology To carry out this research the methodology to be employed will focus on obtaining the ideas and views from the public regarding the debate on the global warming. The manner in which the research is conducted will employ both the qualitative and quantitative methods and bring out clearly the entire mechanisms involved in collection of data, analysis as well as in the interpretation of the research results. Both secondary and primary sources of data will be used to obtain the information from the public on their beliefs on the issue of global warming. The data required will also be collected using the secondary sources and case studies will be utilized in soliciting for relevant information. The data obtained will then be analyzed and presented using charts and tables where appropriate (Gleick, 90). To ensure that the data required for the research is obtained to ensure that it addresses the objectives as well as the research question, both secondary and primary sources will be of great help. The types of primary sources to be used in the research include: conducting interviews, issuing of questionnaires and personal observations. After obtaining permission from the relevant authorities, the questionnaires will be distributed to the randomly sampled public and collected at a later date. Use of questionnaires ensures that a larger population is covered at a time as they are distributed to different participants at same time. The secondary sources used include the use of the internet source like online publications, the library sources like books, journals and research dissertation to obtain blended information on global warming and past research findings and reports from organizations. Finally the information obtained in the field will then be analyzed using the non parametric a statistics and this is done after filtering, modeling and transformation process. The analysis of the data will then yield information necessary for drawing conclusions and recommendations. In addition to that descriptive statistics will also be utilized in analyzing the data especially in description of the sample under study. In order to for the significance differences of the hypotheses and research questions a T-test is carried out (Stern, 201). Use and dissemination of research findings The findings of this research paper will be of great benefit to various stakeholders engaged in conducting public education regarding the causes and the effects of global warming. Information from the research will play a critical role in identifying the options and views that the public have on the controversy surrounding the existence of the global warming hence they will be able to target in changing the stated views to garner their effort in curbing the menace. Ina addition to that research finding will be used by students and researcher who are interested in the debate and may also be used to elaborate on the issues especially on the part of the literature review of other future projects. Another use of the research findings include increasing understanding on the concerns of global warming by the public hence acting as a resourceful source of information (Watson, et al, 124). The research findings will be disseminated using various channels like: posting and publishing then in the online resource centers to be accessed by internet users across the world and hard copies will be printed as a dissertation to and distributed to libraries to be accessed by anybody interested in the obtaining information on global change.

English Language Teaching and Ict

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ICT BY BANDELE ADEBOYE SOGBESAN SENIOR LECTURER IN ENGLISH, DEPT OF LANGUAGES, TAI SOLARIN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, IJEBU ODE. INTRODUCTION Language has been described by various scholars over the years according to the perceived roles it plays in different circumstances. Sapir (1921) sees it as a system of arbitrary vocal signs and symbols used for the purpose of communication. It can also be seen in the light of Christophersen’s (1981) view as a conventional tool of self expression adopted by a society in carrying out its socialising functions. Language in both its written and spoken forms, is a vehicle through which man relates with and interpretes the world in which he lives. Various human groups and societies are typified by the language they speak, hence a Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, French or Ghanaian is identified not just by the geographical boundaries which separate them, but also by the distinct linguistic instrument by which they express themselves. Cultures are integral parts of languages, and it is almost impossible to fully express one cultural experience in another language. It is a mainly human attribute which, going by Chomsky’s claim, is however not inherent but is learned or acquired as part of the normal maturational process. In a second language situation as the English Language is in Nigeria, the learning of a target language is not as easy or involuntary as a first language (L1); apart from the deliberate, planned and largely artificial process of teaching and learning, both teachers and learners are constantly searching for improved ways of acquiring cognitive, affective and psychomotor perfection in the new language. It becomes understandable therefore why over the years, there have been changes in pedagogical approaches to language teaching, ranging from the traditional practice of teaching the rules of the target language, through emphasis on practice and repitition without teaching the rules (Williams, 1999), to the more recent integrative approach. This approach combines the inclusion of useful aspects of various theories with contemporary practices and influences in the wider society. It is in this light that we shall examine the relationship between Information and Communicatins Technology (ICT) with the teaching and learning of English Language at the basic level of education in Nigeria. THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY The National Language Policy as enunciated in the National Policy on Education (1998 Review) prescribed the language of the environment as the medium of instruction in the first three years of formal schooling while English was to be taught as a subject. English was to become the medium of instruction from the fourth year of schooling upwards. The intent of the policy formulators was to enable the child attain a reasonable level of linguistic competence with its attendant cultural awareness. Ironically, the average Nigerian parent appears to prefer their going ‘straight for English’, a factor which could have engendered the mushrooming of private schools in the country and painting the picture of a failing public school system (Sogbesan. 2006). Unfortunately, a large part of the teaching workforce in the private schools are not so much academically quallified or experienced for effective teaching results. LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ICT In Nigeria, English Language has proved to be the most viable link to the outside world. Myriad textual materials, including books and periodicals, videos, journals exist alongside various softwares on the computer and internetwhich enhance the abilities of teachers and learners alike to improve their mastery of English both as a subject and as a service subject. It is expected that with increased ICT awareness, even the pedagogy of English with the various innovations and new avenues for retraining are available online. Some of the accessible ICT facilities that the English Language teacher can avail himself of accross language skills include; The virtual library, This online library provides access to thousands of books and journals which government, schools and private subscribers can consult regularly to update their knowledge and abilities. Packages like Mirosoft Encarta, Encyclopaedia Britannica e. t. c. provide both online and offline acess to vital information in the areas of content and pedagogy. (instantiate) Audio tutoring facilities like radio, television, e. t. c. The information highway also provides access to news and educational materials on a regular basis. Some of the language teaching-learning uses to which ICT can also be put to include; Aural/Oral drills- e. g. phonetic symbols are available on the computer, words and sentences can be heard in the L1 form. (demonstrate) Vocabulary Development and Semantics- e. g. Online / Offline dictionary, Spell Check, Grammar Check, Translator, e. t. c. Where direct contact with original English language forms is required, various softwares are available for both teachers and students to use. Essay Writing- Models and formats are available and teacher/learner can join groups or networks to exchange essays or have them assessed online and offline (e-pen). Furthermore, imaginative recreation, the hallmark of a good essay, can also be enhanced via access to news (print and electronic), great public speeches and events, e. t. c. Also, creative and interesting drills through games like ‘Scrabble’, ‘Who wants to be a millionaire’, e. t. c. are available. Advantages of ICT teaching/learning include; i. It is largely interractive and individualised- The teacher or learner does not need to go through a period of tutelage to master the use of programmes. He masters the various dimensions of use as he goes along. Each learner can therefore develop at his own rate. ii. It is learner –centred, learner- friendly and often exciting to use, thus making sustained contact with subject content less cumbersome. The young learner is encouraged by the excitement of self actualisation and is easily motivated to carry out independent study. ii. It guarrantees consistently high quality of instructional matter that meets global standards. This is moreso because new packages are constantly being turned out for consumers in a seemingly unending race towards perfection. iv. Information provided is quite contemporary and new trends in pedagogy, as well as quick, cheap and easy exchange of new information is guaranteed. Disadvantages of ICT teaching/learning include; i. ICT hardware and packages ma y not be easily affordable to many students in the public school system. The teacher should however be creative and the school should make available at least the minimal materials needed for teaching and learning. Government and the other stakeholders should be quick to come to the aid of needy schools as the need arises. ii. The erratic nature of public power supply could be frustrating to the average teacher or student, but schools should endeavour to procure necessary support materials to enhance subject delivery. Teachers and students should also visit private service providers like cyber cafes as may be necessary. iii. Many teachers are averse to change . There is therefore an urgent need to continuously reorientate teachers accross all levels of basic education to enhance receptivity to modern trends. iv. Unguarded exposure of underage children to the information highway could expose them to items of information which could be distractive or even destructive for them. CONCLUSION In conclusion, teachers and students at various levels of basic education in Nigeria need to endeavour to catch up with the global trend not only to facilitate teaching and learning, but to also package for the future a generation of Nigerians who are able to hold their own in the contemporary world. REFERENCES Rufai, K. I. (2008). ‘Computer in Human Endeavours’ in Sotonode et al (eds) Effective Teaching and Learning of Primary Science Practicein Public Schools in Ogun State. Ijebu Ode. ACUFES Prints. Sogbesan, B. A. (2006). ‘Teaching in The English Language in a non- native situation:Problems and Prospects in Nigerian Education’ in Ayodele et al (eds) Aspects of Language and Literature: A text for Tertiary Institutions. Ibadan, Olu Akin. Williams David(1999). English Language Teaching: An Integrated Approach. Lagos, Spectrum.

The Impact Of Service Economy On The Hotel And Hospitality...

United States has becoming a corporate nation and its economy is primarily based on the service sector. The corporate greed for more profit is crumbling world’s economy. The reason this sector has implications for work in this country is because of constant increasing in the hotel and hospitality industry. The most important reason of growing these sectors are women that they choose to work outside their household. Negative and Positive Aspects of Service Economy A service economy refers to a financial concept that says that service is becoming more and more important in product offerings. 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Eating Disorders Eating Disorder - 2461 Words

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Missionaries Are to Blame in Chinua Achebes Things Fall...

Missionaries Are to Blame in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart The burden and calling to reach out and help others, enfold many people in society throughout the world. Rich or poor, young or old, black, red or white, the motive is helping those with a need. As Chinua Achebe points out in his book, Things Fall Apart, though there is the aspiration to lend a hand, it can sometimes become deadly, and even fatal to the lives of people. Although the missionaries try help convert the Ibo village of Umuofia to Christianity, their presence in Africa is harmful to the lives and culture of the Ibo. The men that come to Umuofia destroy the cultural balance of faith and religion that encompasses the native people in Africa.†¦show more content†¦They assist in, ...[building] a trading store and for the first time palm-oil and kernel became things of great price, and much money flowed into Umuofia (146). Economically, the Ibo villages improve, and slowly schools and hospitals are erected. Education and knowledge from the outside world becomes accessible, as well as quality of the lives of many, both spiritually and physically. The missionaries rescue and, ...welcome twins and such abomination (130), and save them from cruel deaths. After that, the osu or outcasts also think that it is possible to be accepted into society. A new society, which saves twins from dying because of superstition from the tribes and receives outcasts with warm and loving hospitality. However, although the missionaries bring the start of advanced technology and education to Africa, their wish to im prove comes with a price that greatly outweighs the good. The strategy of the Europeans is to attack religion, the central factor that controls the lives of so many. Slowly, with that influence, they win many of the tribes brothers, and [their] clan can no longer act like one. (145) Anarchy reigns, when the two clans are torn apart with the superior white mans religion overcoming traditional beliefs. 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Wireless sensor network and its Applications Free Essays

Introduction Wireless sensor networks use sensing techniques to gather information about a phenomenon and react to the events in a specified environment by the means of Sensors. These small, inexpensive, smart devices, which are connected through wireless links, provide unique opportunities for controlling and monitoring environments. Technically, a sensor translates the information from the physical world into signals and prepares them for analysis and processing. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless sensor network and its Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The terms, Wireless Nodes, Sensor nodes and motes can be used interchangeably in different contexts. Here we refer to them as motes. Motes are typically produced in large quantities and are usually densely distributed in the network. Their size(or their components size) varies from macroscopic- scale to microscopic or even sometimes nanoscopic-scale. â€Å"Micro-sensors with on-board processing and wireless interfaces can be utilized to study and monitor a variety of phenomena and environments at close proximity.† A mote is consisted of four major components: Processing Unit: For data processing and â€Å"managing the procedures that make the motes collaborate with other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks.† Sensing Unit: To sense the physical world and convert the data into digital signal ready for processing. Transceiver Unit: To provide the connection of nodes in the network. Power Unit: To supply energy for the device components. Based on the application, motes may have some additional components such as location finding system, mobilizer and power generator. These components should be put together in a way to fit in a small size module, be adaptive to different environments and consume as little power as possible. The components of a mote Figure is a representation of data acquisition about a phenomena (Process) in the real world which can be sensed by a sensor. The sensed signal needs often needs some changing in order to be processed (Signal Conditioning). For example in order to make the signal range appropriate for conversion some changes on signal magnitude is needed through signal amplification. Unwanted noise can also be removed through this stage. The analog signal is then transformed to digital signal by using ADC and is ready for further processing or storage. Data acquisition and actuation Applications: Wireless sensor networks can be used in places where wired systems cannot be deployed (e.g., a remote or dangerous area). It can also be used in commercial products to improve the performance or quality of them or provide convenience for their users. Sensor can sense many different variables such as: temperature, humidity, pressure and movement. They can sense an environment continuously or they can be event driven and sense an event when it occurs. Wireless sensor networks can support a wide range of applications. Battlefield surveillance, Bridge and highway monitoring, Earthquake detection, Habitat Monitoring, Health care, Industrial monitoring and control, Tracking wildfires, Traffic flow and surveillance, Video surveillance and Weather monitoring are few examples of its applications. Military Applications One of the first applications of sensor network was military sensing. WSN could be used for monitoring the critical equipment, vehicle or weapons to make sure they are in a proper condition. Terrains, paths and roads could be monitored to sense the presence of opposing forces. They also can be used to enhance the targeting system of ammunitions. Human teams can be replaced by sensor networks in places affected by biological and chemical warfare or incidents in order to perform nuclear reconnaissance and prevent humans to be exposed to radiations. Traffic surveillance Traffic surveillance is another example of WSN applications. Sensors are placed in predefined places to gather data and send it via wireless links to data centres for further processing. This data can be beneficial for statistical purposes such as vehicle count per day, the number of cars per lane and the average speed of vehicles. It can also be useful for real time applications such as traffic flow monitoring, incident reporting and managing the traffic lights in order to prevent heavy traffics. Real-time traffic flow control Medical Applications: Wireless sensor network benefits are being explored by many hospitals and medical centres around the world. As it can be seen in Figure sensors can be implanted in patient body or connected to him in order to collect information about his vital signs such as heart beat, blood pressure and oxygen level in blood. This information can be transferred patient’s medical record for future examinations and long-term inspections. It also can be displayed in real-time or alert physicians based on the sensor program in case of any sudden change in under-care patient condition. http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/Annual/2007/opme.html Realization of these various applications requires wireless ad hoc networking techniques. However they are not suitably designed for special features and applications of sensor networks. WSN vs. Mobile Adhoc Netoworks [12] Although there are lots of similarities between Mobile ad networks (MANET) and WSN for instance their lack of network infrastructure, use of multi-hop routing and wireless channel, there are some major differences to point out. Nodes in MANET are designed for human interaction such as laptop and PDAs, whereas in WSN motes are usually left unattended in remote or dangerous locations with the least possible interactions. In WSN â€Å"the topology of the network may change dynamically† due to node failure. It can happen because sometimes motes in some specific areas may be damaged and fail. In some network topologies motes have a sleep/awake cycle in order to save energy, so the topology needs to change when a mote is not available at a specific time. In WSN unlike MANETs the source of energy is limited and the nodes are sometimes left unattended in places where there is no access to them to change or recharge their batteries. â€Å"The range of communications is typically within a few meters and at low rates (some kilobits per second); there are typically a few kilobytes of memory and the processor may operate at speeds of only some megahertz.† Mote design and communication aspect of WSN is totally application dependent and changes based on different application requirements. Motes in some wireless sensor applications remain sleep for the most of their lifetime and transfer their information in a timely basis in order to save energy. So the traffic flow in the network is almost infrequent and delay time is usually higher than MANET networks. Overview of 802.15.4 1-http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html - IEEE 802.15 WPANâ„ ¢ Task Group 4 (TG4) 2-http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications.aspx a ZigBee Alliance the Official Website 3-http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=173600329 - EE Times: The global electronics engineering community The IEEE 802.15.4 and the Zigbee alliance have been working together in order to improve WSN efficiency, safety, security, reliability and convenience of this technology. IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on physical layer and MAC layer at the 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (US) and 2.4GHz (worldwide) ISM bands whereas Zigbee alliances work on higher level protocols. â€Å"The IEEE 802.15 was chartered to investigate a low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity. It is operating in an unlicensed, international frequency band.† â€Å"Some of the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 include: Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps CSMA-CA(Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) channel access Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability Power management to ensure low power consumption 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915MHz I and one channel in the 868MHz band.† â€Å"The ZigBee specification enhances the IEEE 802.15.4 standard by adding network and security layers and an application framework. From this foundation, Alliance developed standards, technically referred to as public application profiles, can be used to create a multi-vendor interoperable solutions. For custom application where interoperability is not required, manufacturers can create their own manufacturer specific profiles.† [2]Some of the characteristics of ZigBee include: Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency band according to IEEE 802.15.4 Regional operation in the 915Mhz (Americas) and 868Mhz (Europe). Frequency agile solution operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz frequency Incorporates power saving mechanisms for all device classes [802]IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines PHY (physical layer) and MAC (medium access control) layer for the purpose of low data rate wireless communications which consume very low power. Physical Layer Some of the main characteristics of the PHY are the processes of sensing the environment, turning on/off the transceiver, estimating the receiver power/link quality indication and transmitting/receiving the information between two nodes. It finally sends the result of channel assessment to the MAC layer. The PHY is responsible for providing two services: PHY Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) across the physical radio channel. PHY management service There are different frequency bands and data rates which a device should be able to operate with which are summarized in Table ?. Table – Frequency bands and data rates Mac Layer MAC layer provides access to the physical radio channel to transmit MAC frames. Some of the main characteristics of MAC sublayer are network beaconing, frame validation, Guarantees time slots (GTS) and handles node associations. The MAC layer is responsible for providing two services: MAC Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) across the PHY data service.† MAC Management Service IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can work with both beacon enabled and non-beacon models. When it is on non-beacon model it is a simple CSMA/CA protocol but in beacon enable mode it works with super frame structure, shown in Fig. The frame starts with a Beacon which is sent by coordinator periodically. The frame also contains inactive period and active period. During the inactive period the device switches to low power mode and communicate with others during active period. The Beacon Interval is calculated based different attributes. In Active period the portion is divided into 16 slots which consist of three parts: Connection Access Period (CAP), Collision Free Period (CFP) (the GTS sections within it is for specific nodes) and the beacon. Fig Superframe structure Network Topologies ZigBee supports 3 types of topologies: Star, Mesh(peer-to-peer) and Cluster tree as shown in Fig . – Star topology: In this topology the communication is only between the single central controller called Personal Area Network (PAN) coordinator and other devices in the network which is mostly suitable for small networks such as single hop networks. A PAN coordinator usually has a unique identifier which is only used by this specific coordinator and allows different star networks to operate separately in the same area. – Mesh topology: This topology also has a PAN coordinator like Star topology but with the difference of having communication not only between coordinator and devices but between devices as well when they are in the range of one another. Although it makes the network structure more complex, but as a result of allowing multi-hop routing it is suitable for large networks. It also can be an adhoc network with self-healing and self-organizing characteristics. – Cluster tree topology: Cluster tree network is a form of peer-to-peer network. One coordinator operates as a PAN coordinator which has the responsibility of defining Cluster Heads (CH). The CH is a kind of Full Function Device (FFD) which can act as a coordinator. Each Reduced Function Device (RFD) then can selects its CH and joins that cluster. This kind of structure has a great impact on energy saving in the network which will be discussed later. Fig Topology Model Energy Conservation and measurement: [24]A wireless sensor network is created with hundreds or thousands of sensor motes, distributed independently in a remote area with the responsibility of sensing the environment, processing information and communicating with other motes in the network for years with a limited source of energy provided by a small battery which is almost impossible to be changed or recharged during motes life time. Therefore the concept of energy consumption management in the network has become one of the most important aspects of wireless sensor network design and implementation. The power saving approach has affected the mote design, power management strategies, communication and routing protocols of the WSN. Generally energy saving methods are divided in two major categories: Energy saving at Mote level; aims to selects the most energy efficient components of the device and trade off unnecessary operations in order to save energy based on the application requirements. Energy saving at Communication level; selecting the most efficient communication methods and protocols to conserve energy at this level. Power saving at mote level: The first step in saving energy at mote level is to find out where the energy is consumed in the mote. As it was mentioned before, a mote consists of 4 components: Processing Unit, Sensor, Transceiver and a Power supply to provide energy for the mentioned parts. Based on the experimental measurements in [40] data transmission is more energy consuming that data processing. Passive sensors such as temperature sensors on the other hand consume a small amount of power compared to other components which is almost usually negligible. Table shows a power model of a Mica2 mote in different states. How to cite Wireless sensor network and its Applications, Essay examples

Organisation Equality and Diversity Research

Question: Discuss about the Organisation Equality and Diversity Research. Answer: Introduction: It is often been controversial that empathy and trust are essential and important for having an effective and cooperative workforce in an organization. It should also be noted that trust is essential in all aspects of life, i.e. personal, professional and social. It imbibes friendships facilitating negotiations and bargaining that minimizes costs of transaction related to inter-organizational exchanges. Conflicts regarding international politics are also resolved through trust and empathy (Basu, 2014). The decisions of an organization, mostly related to investments are also affected. Trust facilitates investments of assets in an effective way by giving assurance to the parties that there would be no event of bargaining power abuse post agreement making. Empathy and trust can be considered to be fundamental ingredients to obtain a productive and positive work process and the environment (Colgan, 2015). Literature Overview: The concept of empathy and trust has become so prominent in academic analysis and public debate. The interest in these competencies, especially in the developed countries is related to the affair of trust declining in both governmental and private organizations and the professionals working. This concern has been raised by debates as social capital motion in the developing countries. Gladman, Porock Griffiths said that it should be noted that trust is considered as a major factor that influences aspects like relationship marketing, investments of capital, cross-cultural communication and well as various other types of cooperation (Gladman, Porock Griffiths, 2014). It has become very important with time to have proper trust management inside the organizations. As per Hill, the assignment deals with the review of empathy and trust in an organization. However, major challenges that are methodological and conceptual that is to be addressed while analysing this vital concept (Hill, 2015 ). Trust has been an important factor for prediction of outcomes related to cooperative behaviour, organizational commitment, citizenship behaviour in an organization, and loyalty of the employees. In order to build trust among the employees within an organization, it should be the desired goals of all the employees. As per Heales et al, the challenge is how to develop and efforts to maintain the trust among the employees and by the employees in the organization. Empathy and trust are the fundamentals to have effective communication, understanding, and relationships (Heales et al., 2016). These two factors are essential for developing and improving the solutions, retaining and winning the business along with diffusing or avoiding conflicts. Trust and empathy are necessary to retain the customers and handling the complaints (Henderson Bigby, 2016). According to the recent times, there is more demand to be more efficient in communication in order to be successful in handling business as well as life. According to Love, Lopez Kim, the steps associated with sales that are closing techniques, persuasion, benefits and features do not contribute in building relationships and rapport that can be specified as trust, empathy, sympathetic and understanding communications. Persuasion from one side does not sustain for a longer term and is often found to be insulting, mostly while handling the complaints (Love, Lopez Kim, 2014). Empathy and trust are way more crucial to achieve and have a sustainable business as well as personal relationships. There have been instances; it is hard to sell when many consumers and people associated with business are not much interested in exposing themselves to the circumstances where there are chances of being asked to make decisions (Lewis, 2015). This results in extra pressure on the arrival process of a deal. For this special skills are required to manage the circumstances under which business is executed. Petersen, Tabita Agger said tha t most of the business gurus who are associated with the areas of management, communications, and self-development are referred in some or the other way to the significance of empathy which the real comprehension of the feelings and position of the other person. Having the ability to step back and make efforts in achieving detachment from emotions is necessary for having constructive and effective relationships (Petersen, Tabita Agger, 2015). Trust has been studied in various disciplines and every discipline has its own definitions, findings, and concepts. Mostly trust is treated as a state, expectation or belief in a positive way. As per Shanahan et al, it can also be defined as the expectations that people, or institutions or groups with which we come in contact with cooperate and interact and act in conductive ways to well-being of all (Shanahan et al., 2015). However, in most of the cases being sure of others is not feasible as others prove to be free agents and trusting them is a kind of gamble that involves certain risks. It is risky for the future and the contingency is the action of others. There are different models of trust, most of them take the tractors perspective or are static. Among the few proposers of trust theories, Zand is one who presents a very prominent interactive model. Consideration is made between "P" and "O" to be two individuals in the scene. If it happens that P lacks trust, he will tend to disclose some accurate or relevant information, become not willing to influence sharing and have the tendency to control O (Tierney et al., 2014). If the assumption is taken that O is lacking trust and perceives the initial behaviour of P as not worth trusting. O will feel the justification in mistrusting P. As P will perceive behaviour of O as not worth trusting, he will get the confirmation in the expectation which he had initially that O would not worth trusting and P will tend to behave with lesser trust than when he did enter. Some features of trust concepts are also found such as: Trust is interpersonal Trust is situational rather than a global influence Trust must be voluntary as it is a choice and not compulsion. Trust depends on being conscious as both the parties are very much aware of each other's trust. Empathy is the capacity of relating and experiencing the emotions, experience or thoughts of others. Empathy can be devoted to be much more than conventional sympathy that is being able to support and understand others with sensitivity or compassion. As per Uppal, in a workplace environment, being empathetic can show respect for colleagues showing the care which is like going reverse of the rules and regulations (Uppal, 2016). It can be considered as a powerful tool in the belt of leadership of a well-respected and well-liked executive. Empathy, in an organization, gives rise to a safe feeling with personal failures. Leaders are also encouraged to understand the main cause of performing poorly. One of the models of empathy was derived by Fleiss. He stated that empathy is the trial identification and its process can be described as to involve four parts that are distinct. The first part includes the analyst as the object of strive on an individual. Secondly, the second person identifies with the first person who is to be emphasized and replicates him (Walton, 2015). After having experienced the strife of the individual, the analyst reflects it back to the first person with knowledge that in internal. From the stated process, the analyst acquires the basics of emotions for his or her interpretation. Diagnostic Tools Used During the Study: Johari Window: This is a technique which is used in assisting people in understanding relationships with others as well as themselves. This tool was created by psychologists Harrington Ingham and Joseph Luft in the year 1955. It was used during the study as this tool primarily assisted groups that are self-help by nature and corporate organizations as heuristic exercise. As per Wates, this exercise involved subjects who were provided with a list of adjectives and they had to choose some that appeared to them as describing their personality (Wates, 2014). The peers of the subject were given the list and every individual had to choose adjectives of the same number that gave the description of the subject. The adjectives were then placed in a grid during the study. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire: The second tool that was used during the study was the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire which had many pairs of statements which described probable responses corresponding to the behaviour regarding a situation of conflict. One had to choose either A or B among the options if they corresponded to the behaviour of the individuals. If it did not resonate with their behaviour, they were free to select the statement or responses which he or she would feel like using more. Some of the statements from the questionnaire are: There are situations when I happen to let other people be accountable for problem-solving. Instead of negotiating things upon which we disagree, I give efforts on those matters on which both the parties agree. A. I give efforts in finding a compromising solution. I happen to handle all of the concerns, both of the other party's and mine. The third tool that was used by during the group study was the Belbin team inventory. It is a tool that helps in measuring the behaviour of each team player and provides the language in order to ensure that proper collaboration and communication of better understanding happens between the teams. Each and every team is its diversity and thus, Belbin team inventory helped in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the team. This tool was used as it finds application in the management of change, management of conflict, coaching, recruitment and development of leadership (Zhang et al., 2014). The development of plans and goals that are professional are complemented by this comprehensive tool. This tool was also used during the study to seek positive impact on individual working environment and relationships currently. The results of the diagnostics tests were as follows: Understanding of the way the team members saw themselves within the environment of work. Learning a language that was common in order to communicate with the collaborations and teammates. Understanding along with having a visualization of how the roles of the team would come to life. The strengths that were identified during the study were that the team members became diligent, earnest, anxious for effectiveness, perfection and having polished results, troubleshooting of issues. The weaknesses that were observed after scrutinizing the entire work in order to find errors are inclined towards unduly worries and being reluctant for delegation. Realistic Development Plan After proper study throughout the task through the diagnostic tools and literature overview, the following realistic development plan was made. What do I want/ need to learn? What will I do to achieve this? What resources or support will I need? What will be my success criteria? Target dates for review and completion 1) To be able to manage team effectively So as to manage a team effectively, crucial requirement of being able to communicate effectively, managing time properly, leadership, team issue resolving skills, etc. are required. For this a plan is required to be designed with an executable strategy and implementation of the plan has to be done as efficiently as possible. To have a team building up or to have an effective team, it is mandatory to get the support of the individual team members. In order to boost up the effectiveness of communication, there has to be encouragement among the members of team regarding interpersonal relationship. The success of every individual team members is the foundation of the success of the leader of the team. The success also depends on the efforts that will be in the direction of achieving effectiveness in team management so as to be effective in all aspects. The Belbin team inventory can provide with the knowledge regarding being able to accept challenges, ability to thrive under pressure and courage to cross over obstacles professionally. It would provide with the required drive in order to ensure that the team keeps accelerating and never loses momentum or its force. 2) Development of personal identity: To develop professional identification, knowledge of expert standards, skills that are enhanced and behaviour that is appropriate are essential. These three elements need to be implemented in balanced ways so that the identity in a professional scenario is achieved as well as enhanced. A logical observation has to be done along with making judgements that would be completely impartial according to the requirement. Weightage has to be given to the options of the team in a way that is dispassionate so as to enhance individual identification in workplace. Having an explicitly defined professional behaviour will help to have an enhanced professional identification. Learning the tacit behaviours that are according to the norms of the company or the organization is also important. High rate of success will be determined by learning the appropriate behaviour associated with the professional identification in an organization. Conclusion: In an organization where trust and empathy are low, negative consequences associated with economies can be expected. Every aspect running the organization would be costlier and longer in duration as people in the organization will be needed to take various measures in order to compensate for low trust. The leaders in the organization do realize while calculating and analyzing the costs that how not having standardized trust becomes a hindrance in economic matters in the growth of the organization. Thus, reviewing the significance of empathy and trust in an organization has been able to provide us with valuable knowledge. References Basu, R., 2014. Managing quality in projects: An empirical study. International journal of project management, 32(1), pp.178-187. Colgan, F., 2015. Voice and visibility: tackling the'invisibility'of the sexual orientation strand in UK organisation equality and diversity research (Doctoral dissertation, London Metropolitan University). Gladman, J., Porock, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Better mental health: care for older people with cognitive impairment in general hospitals. Final report. NIHR Service Delivery and Organisation programme, 2012. Hill, R., 2015. Addressing inequalities: Rebecca Hill on how her organisation grew confident using the Health Equalities Framework tool in a virtual environment. Learning Disability Practice, 18(8), pp.13-13. Heales, L.J., Hug, F., MacDonald, D.A., Vicenzino, B. and Hodges, P.W., 2016. Is synergistic organisation of muscle coordination altered in people with lateral epicondylalgia? A casecontrol study. Clinical Biomechanics, 35, pp.124-131. Henderson, D. and Bigby, C., 2016. We Were More Radical back then: Victoria's First Self-Advocacy Organisation for People with Intellectual Disability. Health and History, 18(1), pp.42-66. Love, P.E., Lopez, R. and Kim, J.T., 2014. Design error management: interaction of people, organisation and the project environment in construction. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 10(6), pp.811-820. Lewis, R., 2015. The organisation of care for people with multimorbidity in general practice: An exploratory case study of service delivery. Morris, L., Pallister, C. and Lavin, J., 2015. Pilot analysis exploring the impact of deprivation on engagement and weight outcomes in people attending a commercial weight management organisation. Appetite, 87, p.400. Petersen, N. and Tabita Agger, B., 2015. Social Work with Homeless People and IT in the projekt UDENFOR Homeless Organisation. Homeless in Europe, Spring 2015, 1011. Viitattu 5.1. 016. Shanahan, C.J., Hodges, P.W., Wrigley, T.V., Bennell, K.L. and Farrell, M.J., 2015. Organisation of the motor cortex differs between people with and without knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis research therapy, 17(1), p.164. Tierney, S., Stock, N., Preston, R. and Cunniffe, C., 2014. Stronger together: collective endeavours of a cleft and research organisation to promote the role of young people affected by a cleft in research. Uppal, N., 2016. A study of culture in a non-profit organisation in India: organisational development and change. Journal for Global Business Advancement, 9(3), pp.215-230. Walton, M.H., 2015. Security Culture: A How-to Guide for Improving Security Culture and Dealing with People Risk in Your Organisation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Wates, N., 2014. The Community Planning Handbook: How people can shape their cities, towns villages in any part of the world. Routledge. Zhang, L., Luo, Y., Tao, F., Li, B.H., Ren, L., Zhang, X., Guo, H., Cheng, Y., Hu, A. and Liu, Y., 2014. Cloud manufacturing: a new manufacturing paradigm. Enterprise Information Systems, 8(2), pp.167-187.